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ZAMBIA
Also known as:
Republic of Zambia
Quick Facts
| Location |
Southern Africa, east of Angola |
| Size |
total: 752,614 sq km
land: 740,724 sq km
water: 11,890 sq km |
| Capitals |
Lusaka |
| Languages |
English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages |
| Ethnic groups |
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% |
| Population |
11,261,795 (July 2005 est.) |
| Religion |
Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% |
| Chief of State |
President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002) |
| Government type |
republic |
| GDP |
$9.409 billion (2004 est.) |
| Industries |
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture |
| Currency |
Zambian kwacha (ZMK) |
| Internet country code |
.zm |
| Time zone |
UTC/GMT +2 hours |
On this page, you will find:
- Country- Map, Flag & Coat of Arms
- Introduction
- Journey Element 1: Nature & Wildlife (Natural Environment; Plants & Wildlife)
- Journey Element 2: Life & Society (History, Society & Culture, Government & Politics)
- Journey Element 3: Trade, Travel & Economy (Transportation, Communication, Economy, Tourism)
- Journey Element 4: Highlights, Current Events & Helpful Links (Highlights & amazing statistics, Current events, Other Helpful Links)
Country- Map, Flag & Coat of Arms
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Introduction
The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign in 2002, which resulted in the prosecution of former President Frederick CHILUBA and many of his supporters in late 2003. Opposition parties currently hold a majority of seats in the National Assembly.
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Journey Element 1: Nature & Wildlife
Natural Environment
| Climate |
- tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
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| Geographic coordinates |
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| Land boundaries |
- total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km
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| Location |
- Southern Africa, east of Angola
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| Natural resources |
- copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower
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| Size |
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| Terrain |
- mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains
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| Additional information |
- landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe
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Plants & Wildlife
| Animals |
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| Flora |
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National parks & reserves |
- Blue Lagoon National Park
Isagano National Park
Kafue National Park
Kasanka National Park
Lavushi Manda National Park
Liuwa Plain National Park
Lochinvar National Park
Lower Zambezi National Park
Luambe National Park
Lukusuzi National Park
Lusenga Plain National Park
Mweru Wantipa National Park
North Luangwa National Park
Nyika Plateau National Park
Siama Ngwezi National Park
South Luangwa National Park
Sumbu National Park
Victoria Falls National Park (Mosi-O-Tunya National Park)
West Lunga National Park
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Journey Element 2: Life & Society
History Overview
The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia, (called Bushmen) began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants—the Bantu expansion—began in the 12th century.
Among them, the Tonga people were first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the far east near the "big sea" believed to be the Red Sea where human civilisation started. Other groups followed with the greatest influx coming between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. These later migrants came primarily from the Luba and Lunda tribes of southern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola but were joined in the 19th century by Ngoni peoples from the south. By the latter part of that century, the various peoples of Zambia were largely established in the areas they currently occupy.
Except for the occasional Portuguese explorer, the area lay untouched by Europeans for centuries. After the mid-19th century, it was penetrated by Western explorers, missionaries, and traders. In 1855, missionary and explorer David Livingstone, became the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River. He named them Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. The Zambian town, Livingstone, near the falls is named after him.
In 1888, Cecil Rhodes, spearheading British commercial and political interests in Central Africa, obtained a mineral rights concession from local chiefs. In the same year, Northern and Southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively) were proclaimed to be within the British sphere of influence. Southern Rhodesia was annexed formally and granted self-government in 1923, and the administration of Northern Rhodesia was transferred to the British Colonial Office in 1924 as a protectorate. Mining began in the Copperbelt in 1934.
In 1953, both Rhodesias were joined with Nyasaland (now Malawi) to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia was the centre of much of the turmoil and crisis that characterized the federation in its last years. At the core of the controversy were insistent African demands for greater participation in government and European fears of losing political control.
A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new National Assembly based on a broader, more democratic franchise. On 31 December 1963, the federation was dissolved, and Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964.
At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. Abroad, three of its neighbors--Southern Rhodesia and the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola--remained under white-dominated rule. Rhodesia's white-ruled government unilaterally declared independence in 1965. In addition, Zambia shared a border with South African-controlled South-West Africa (now Namibia). Zambia's sympathies lay with forces opposing colonial or white-dominated rule, particularly in Southern Rhodesia. During the next decade, it actively supported movements such as the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), and the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO).
Conflicts with Rhodesia resulted in the closing of Zambia's borders with that country and severe problems with international transport and power supply. However, the Kariba hydroelectric station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity. A railroad to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, built with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railroad lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled Angola.
By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from Portugal. Zimbabwe achieved independence in accordance with the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement, but Zambia's problems were not solved. Civil war in the former Portuguese colonies generated an influx of refugees and caused continuing transportation problems. The Benguela Railroad, which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to traffic from Zambia by the late 1970s. Zambia's strong support for the ANC, which had its external headquarters in Lusaka, created security problems as South Africa raided ANC targets in Zambia.
In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world. From Wikipedia.
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Significant dates & events
| year |
event |
| 1100s |
Shona people arrive, later establishing the empire of the Mwene Mutapa, which includes southern Zambia. |
| 1400s |
The major waves of Luba and Lunda empires begins. |
| 1800s |
Slave-trading by Portuguese and Arabs. |
| 1855 |
David Livingstone was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River. He named the falls after Queen Victoria, and the Zambian town near the falls is named after him. |
| 1888 |
Cecil Rhodes, spearheading British commercial and political interests in Central Africa, obtained a mineral rights concession from local chiefs.
Northern and Southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively) were proclaimed a British sphere of influence. |
| Late 1920s |
Discovery of copper. |
| 1953 |
Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) were joined with Nyasaland (now Malawi) to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. |
| 1963 |
On December 31, the federation was dissolved. |
| 1964 |
On October 24, Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia.
Kaunda elected president |
| 1965 |
Rhodesia's white-ruled government unilaterally declared independence. |
| 1970s |
The price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide.
In 1972, Zambia becomes a one-party state. UNIP was the only legal party. |
| 1973 |
Constitution approved.
Kaunda, the sole candidate, was elected President. Elections also were held for the National Assembly. Only UNIP members were permitted to run, but these seats were sharply contested. |
| 1976 |
Zambia declared support for the independence in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). |
| 1978 |
President Kaunda's wins re-election. |
| 1983 |
President Kaunda's wins re-election. |
| 1988 |
President Kaunda's wins re-election. |
| 1990s |
Food riots in the capital and a coup attempt.
President Kenneth Kaunda signed legislation ending UNIP's monopoly on power. |
| 1991 |
Zambia enacted a new
multi-party constitution in August. |
| 1996 |
Constitution changes effectively bars Kaunda from future elections. Chiluba wins re-election. |
| 2000 |
UN officials estimate that up to 60,000 refugees fleeing fighting in the Democratic Republic of Congo move to Zambia in less than a week. |
| 2001 |
Senior members of the Movement for Multi-party oppose Chiluba's bid for another term in office.
In July, the former campaign manager for Chiluba, is murdered shortly before he is due to testify in a high-level corruption case.
In July, Zambia appeals for aid to feed some 2 million people after poor harvests. |
| 2002 |
Levy Mwanawasa is sworn in as president, although there are voting fraud allegations. |
| 2003 |
Former president Frederick Chiluba is arrested and charged with corruption. |
| 2004 |
Many charges against Frederick Chiluba dropped, but re-arrested on new charges. |
| 2005 |
In April, the World Bank approves debt relief package, writing off more than 50% of Zambia's debt.
In November, President Mwanawasa declares a national disaster and appeals for food aid. |
Society & Culture
Zambia's population comprises more than 70 Bantu-speaking ethnic groups. Some ethnic groups are small, and only two have enough people to constitute at least 10% of the population. Most Zambians are subsistence farmers. The predominant religion is a blend of traditional beliefs and Christianity; Christianity is the official national religion. Expatriates, mostly British (about 15,000) or South African, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are employed in mines and related activities. Zambia also has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians. The country is 44% urban. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is ravaging Zambia. Nearly 1 million Zambians are HIV positive or have AIDS. An estimated 100,000 died in 2004. Over a half million Zambian children have been orphaned. Life expectancy at birth is 37.
| Arts and crafts |
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| Dance |
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| Dress |
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| Ethnic groups |
- African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
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| HIV/AIDS |
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| Infant mortality rate |
- total: 88.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 80.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
- (Compare to other countries)
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| Languages |
- English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages
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| Life expectancy at birth |
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| Literacy (age 15 and over can read & write) |
- total population: 80.6%
male: 86.8%
female: 74.8% (2003 est.)
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| Music |
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| Myths and legends |
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| Nationality |
- noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian
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| Population |
- 11,261,795
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
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| Population growth rate |
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| Religion |
- Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%
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School enrollment
(% relevant age group) From UNESCO. |
- Net primary enrollment: 66.1% (2000)
- Net secondary enrollment: 19.1% (2000)
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| Sports |
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| Total fertility rate |
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| Typical dishes |
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Government & Politics
Zambia enacted a new constitution in August 1991. The constitution enlarged the National Assembly from 136 members to a maximum of 158 members, established an electoral commission, and allowed for more than one presidential candidate who no longer had to be a member of UNIP. The constitution was amended again in 1996 to set new limits on the presidency (including a retroactive two-term limit, and a requirement that both parents of a candidate be Zambian-born). The National Assembly is comprised of 150 directly elected members, up to eight presidentially-appointed members, and a speaker. Zambia is divided into nine provinces, each administered by an appointed deputy minister who essentially performs the duties of a governor.
The Supreme Court is the highest court and the court of appeal; below it are the high court, magistrate's court, and local courts.
| Administrative Divisions |
- 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
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| Capitals |
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| Executive branch |
- chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002); Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002); Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006); vice president appointed by the president
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| Government type |
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| Holidays and special events |
- Jan 1 New Year’s Day
- Mar 12 Youth Day
- Good Friday (changes)
- Easter Monday
- May 1 Labour Day
- May 25 African Freedom Day (Anniversary of the OAU’s Foundation)
- Jul 4 Heroes’ Day
- Jul 5 Unity Day
- Farmers’ Day (changes)
- Oct 24 Independence Day
- Dec 25 Christmas Day
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| Independence |
- 24 October 1964 (from UK)
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| Legislative branch |
- unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
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| Major cities |
- Lusaka; Ndola; Kitwe; Kabwe; Chingola
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| National anthem |
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Journey Element 3: Trade, Travel & Economy
Over 70% of Zambians live in poverty. Per capita annual incomes are currently at about one-half their levels at independence and place the country among the world's poorest nations. Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth and maternal mortality. The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS related issues (i.e., rising medical costs, decline in worker productivity) place on government resources. Zambia is also one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most highly urbanized countries. Almost one-half of the country's 10 million people are concentrated in a few urban zones strung along the major transportation corridors, while rural areas are underpopulated. Unemployment and underemployment are serious problems.
HIV/AIDS is the nation's greatest challenge. HIV/AIDS will continue to ravage Zambian economic, political, cultural, and social development for the foreseeable future.
Once a middle-income country, Zambia began to slide into poverty in the 1970s when copper prices declined on world markets. The socialist government made up for falling revenue by increasing borrowing. After democratic multi-party elections, the Chiluba government (1991-2001) came to power in November 1991 committed to an economic reform program. The government was successful in some areas, such as privatization of most of the parastatals, maintenance of positive real interest rates, the elimination of exchange controls, and endorsement of free market principles. Corruption grew dramatically under the Chiluba government. Zambia has yet to address effectively issues such as reducing the size of the public sector and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems.
Zambia's total foreign debt stood at about $7 billion when Zambia reached the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) completion point in April 2005. Once debt cancellation under HIPC is completed, almost $5 billion in debt will be eliminated. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003. In January 2003, the Zambian Government informed the IMF and World Bank that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatization of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005.
The Zambian economy has historically been based on the copper-mining industry. Output of copper had fallen, however, to a low of 228,000 metric tons in 1998, after a 30-year decline in output due to lack of investment, low copper prices, and uncertainty over privatization. Following privatization of the industry, copper production rebounded, reaching 398,000 metric tons in 2004. Improvements in the world copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign exchange earnings.
The Zambian Government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro power.
Transportation
| Airports |
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| Highways |
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| Ports and Harbors |
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Communication
Fixed lines
& mobile telephones
(per 1,000 people)
(From ITU) |
- 17.7 m (2000)
- 29.4 m (2003)
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| International dialing code |
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| Internet country code |
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| Internet users |
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| Media |
Press
TV
Radio
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Personal computers
(per 1,000 people)
(From ITU) |
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Telephone avg cost-
local call
(US$ per 3 min)
(From ITU) |
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Telephones -
main lines in use |
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Telephones -
mobile cellular |
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Time zone |
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Economy
| Agriculture products |
- corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables, flowers, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, milk, eggs, hides; coffee
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| Currency (code) |
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| Exchange rates |
- Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003), 4,398.6 (2002), 3,610.9 (2001), 3,110.8 (2000)
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| Exports commodities |
- copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity, tobacco, flowers, cotton
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| Exports partners |
- Tanzania 14.1%, South Africa 13.2%, China 9.1%, Japan 7.9%, Thailand 7.9%, Switzerland 7.3%, Belgium 6.7%, Malaysia 4% (2004)
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| Fiscal year |
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| GDP |
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| GDP- real growth rate |
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| Imports commodities |
- machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
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| Imports partners |
- South Africa 50.3%, Zimbabwe 13.2%, UAE 5.3% (2004)
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| Industries |
- copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture
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| Inflation rate |
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| Population below poverty line |
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| Unemployment rate |
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Tourism
| Popular destinations |
- Livingstone
- Lusaka
- Kafue National Park
- South Luangwa National Park
- Victoria Falls
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| Tourist arrivals (From WTO) |
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| Visas |
- Most travelers require a visa.
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| World Heritage sites |
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Journey Element 4: Highlights, Current Events & Helpful Links
Highlights & amazing statistics
| Animals |
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| Cities |
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| Economy |
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| Environment |
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| History |
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| Famous people |
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Current events
Other Helpful Links
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